Reform of Parliament Spartacus Educational Subject Encyclopedias

Reform of Parliament

• - Offers a biography including a political cartoon.
  
• - Offers information on Henry Hetherington including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Helped establish the National Reform League. In 1852 he was elected to the National Executive Committee of the Chartist movement. (1820-1888)
  
• - Offers information on Archibald Prentice including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Essayist and critic. Wrote articles and pamphlets on political corruption and the need to reform the voting system. Employed as the parliamentary reporter for the Morning Chronicle, he criticized all political parties, Later he contributed to The Examin
  
• - Served as Secretary at War under five prime ministers. Became Prime Minister and was totally opposed to any extension of the franchise and parliamentary reform. (1784-1865)
  
• - Offers information on James Gillray including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Absrtact: Born in Leeds in 1789, the son of a clothing merchant. He attended a Moravian boarding school from 1798 to 1810 and became a commission agent. He strongly opposed universal suffrage, trade unions and supported the class structure of the early 19
  
• - Established the Anti-Militia Association which successfully campaigned for the end of militia drawings, then joined the National Union of the Working Classes and Grand National Consolidated Trades Union. In 1836 formed the London Working Men's Association
  
• - Third son of George III, who ruled England from 1830 to 1837. A Whig who supported Catholic Emancipation and favored parliamentary reform in the House of Lords. (1765-1837)
  
• - Abstract: Eldest son of the 14th Earl of Derby, was born on the 21st July 1826. He was educated at Rugby School and Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1848 Stanley went in a tour of the West Indies, America and Canada. While he was away he was elected as the
  
• - Advocated by Chartists who believed that peaceful methods of persuasion such as the holding of public meetings, the publication of newspapers and pamphlets and the presentation of petitions to the House of Commons would finally convince those in power to
  
• - Abstract: The Six Acts were a response by Lord Liverpool and his Tory government to the Peterloo Massace of 1819. When Parliament reassembled on 23rd November, 1819, the government's Home Secretary, announced their details. By the 30th December, 1819, Par
  
• - Offers information on Daniel O'Connell.
  
• - Offers information on Earl Grey including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Elected MP for Aylesbury. Established The North Briton, a newspaper that severely attacked the king and his Prime Minister. Campaigned for religious toleration and introduced the first motion for parliamentary reform. (1725-1797)
  
• - Founder member of the Todmorden Unitarian Society, a religious group active in the social reform movement. Leader of the reform movement in the House of Commons and campaigned for a ten-hour work day. Includes excerpts from his writings. (1784-1849)
  
• - Abstract: Born in August 1747. After being educated at Eton and Queen's College, Cambridge, he became a curate at Leatherhead in Surrey where he came under the influence of the radical preacher, Joseph Priestley. Palmer became dissatisfied with the doctri
  
• - First published in 1838. Contained reports on Chartist meets in Britain and its letter's page enabled supporters to join the debate on parliamentary reform. Ceased publication in 1852.
  
• - Their elected representation of the constituency in the House of Commons was Radical between 1784 and 1852.
  
• - First published in 1792. Advocated parliamentary reform. Ceased publication in 1795.
  
• - A radical newspaper which criticized the government, particularly for its role in the Peterloo Massacre.
  
• - Became involved in the campaign for parliamentary reform. Joined the London Corresponding Society and wrote the pamphlet A Convention is the Only Means of Saving Us from Ruin. (1763-1796)
  
• - Offers information on the group.
  
• - Opposed parliamentary reform but spoke in favour of the measure when Edward Baines introduced a reform bill, pointing out that only one fiftieth of the working classes had the vote. (1809-1898)
  
• - Abstract: A tax was first imposed on British newspapers in 1712. The tax was gradually increased until in 1815 it had reached 4d. a copy. As few people could afford to pay 6d. or 7d. for a newspaper, the tax restricted the circulation of most of these jo
  
• - Appointed first reporter for the Observer Newspaper in 1791. Recruited as a Home Office Spy with a government subsidy to the paper. Was paid to record what was said at an 1816 meeting of the Society of Spencean Philanthropists, a group advocating revoluti
  
• - Abstract: Born in 1770, the son of the Baronet of Foremark. After being educated at Westminster School and Oxford University, he went on a long tour of Europe. In 1797 he became a member of the House of Commons. He opposed the suspension of Habeas Corpus
  
• - Political reformer who supported universal male suffrage and annual parliaments. Helped to form the Society for the Abolition of the Slave Trade. (1730-1795)
  
• - Absract: After the passage of the 1867 Reform Act, working class males now formed the majority in most borough constituencies. Employers were still able to use their influence in some constituencies because of the open system of voting. Employers and land
  
• - Tactic used in the Chartist campaigns which gave orators such as Fears O'Connor and George Julian Harney the opportunity to persuade people to join the campaign for the six points of the Charter.
  
• - Abstract: A rotten borough was a parliamentary constituency that had declined in size but still had the right to elect members of the House of Commons. Rotten boroughs had very few voters and were under the control of one man, the patron. With just a few
  
• - Whig who was elected to the House of Commons, the House of Lords and became prime minister. Disliked political controversy and after the passing of the 1832 Reform Act did not favor parliamentary reform. (1779-1848)
  
• - Member of the Whig party and supporter of parliamentary reform. Appointed chief secretary for Ireland for six years and carried through Parliament several reforms including the Irish Tithe Bill, the Irish Municipal Reform Bill and the Irish Poor Law Bill
  
• - Became the leading advocate of parliamentary reform and factory legislation in the House of Commons. Includes excerpt from his speech made on May 15, 1821. (1786-1869)
  
• - Abstract: Thomas Spence a schoolteacher from Newcastle-upon-Tyne arrived in London in December 1792. Soon after arriving he was arrested for selling Rights of Man by Tom Paine. For the next twenty years of his life Spence spent long periods in prison for
  
• - Abstract: Born in Leicestershire in 1800. He became editor of the Christian Observer and in 1823 joined with others to form the Anti-Slavery Society. Macaulay became very interested in utilitarianism and was influenced by the ideas of Jeremy Bentham and J
  
• - Leader of the Whigs in Parliament and the House of Commons. Opposed the idea of a ten-hour day for children factory workers and led the opposition to Michael Sadler and his supporters in the debates on this issue in 1832. Includes excerpts from speeches
  
• - Founded by John Walter in 1785 as neutral in politics, the Daily Universal Register included parliamentary reports. Needing funds, a secret deal was made to publish stories favourable to the government. In 1788 it began focusing on scandals and gossip and
  
• - Offers information on Anne Knight including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Offers information on George Julian Harney including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Helped form the London Corresponding Society, which attacked the government's foreign policy. Lectured frequently on political reform and was active in protest meetings. (1764-1834)
  
• - Series of strikes called in mines, mills and factories to protest wage reductions and appalling working conditions. Workers removed plugs from factory boilers, forcing the factories to close.
  
• - Offers information on the organization including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Abstract: Born in London in 1756 he learnt to draw before he could write and by the time he was ten he was spending all his free time drawing. After attending Eton he became a student at the Royal Academy. At sixteen he left for France where he spent two
  
• - Journalist, author, and one of the radical reformers advocating the superiority of republican democracy over monarchical government. Published "The Rights of Man" in which he argued for the vote and equal political rights for all adult males, wh
  
• - Poet and writer who became involved in radical politics. Author of a pamphlet which suggested a national referendum on electoral reform and improvements in working class education. Includes biography, selections from his works and photo. (1792-1822)
  
• - Offers information on Dr. James Watson.
  
• - Offers information on Isaac Cruikshank.
  
• - A revolutionary, he became involved in radical politics after the Peterloo Massacre and became a member of the Spencean Philanthropists. He was involved in an unsuccessful plot to assassinate several members of the British government and was caught, found
  
• - Offers information on the event including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Philosopher, legal theorist and reformer, and political radical. Argued in favor of universal suffrage, annual parliaments and vote by ballot in his book, Constitutional Code. Includes excerpts. (1748-1832)
  
• - Abstract: Born in 1771 in Newtown, Wales, at age ten, he went to work in drapers in Lincolnshire. He eventually purchased four textile factories in New Lanark and under his control, the Chorton Twist Company expanded rapidly. He stopped employing children
  
• - First published in 1821. Advocated political reform.
  
• - Includes information on the law.
  
• - Radical journalist and publisher of the Political Register, the main newspaper read by the working class. After the passing of the 1832 Reform Act he was able to win the parliamentary seat of Oldham in the House of Commons where he concentrated his energi
  
• - Offers information on James Ings including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Offers a biography including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Established the Ashton Chronicle, a newspaper that advocated radical social reform. Campaigned against child labor and the 1834 Poor Law. Includes excerpts from newspaper articles. (1805-1879)
  
• - Offers a biography.
  
• - Offers information on Hebert Ingram.
  
• - Parliamentary constituencies controlled by one man who was known as the patron. Includes table with list of boroughs, patrons and representation.
  
• - One of the early reform groups, Unitarians were closely identified with social and political reform. Considered religious radicals in London, they formed the Unitarian Society in 1791 to promote the cause of parliamentary reform.
  
• - District was granted two members of Parliament. Almost all elected represented the Tory party, which sought to preserve the traditional political structure and opposed parliamentary reform.
  
• - Offers information on James Martineau.
  
• - Abstract: Born in Yorkshire in 1796. After his education at Harrow School Duncombe joined the Coldstream Guards. While in the army he met General Ronald Ferguson, and was influenced by his ideas and when he retired from the army in 1819 began to look for
  
• - Offers a biography including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Author of Take Your Choice, a book which argued the case for parliamentary reform including: manhood suffrage, the secret ballot, annual elections and equal electoral districts. (1740-1824)
  
• - Industrialist owner of an important textile company in Bradford, then built an industrial community called Saltaire with improved working conditions. Active in politics he did not believe that the 1832 Reform Act went far enough. In 1835 he founded the B
  
• - Offers a biography including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Abstract: Born in Liverpool on 5th March, 1768 and educated at a boarding school in London, he was a good student and at seventeen went to Queens' College, Cambridge. In 1802, now a lawyer, he was asked to become a candidate at Thetford and at the age of
  
• - Offers information on Henry Fawcett including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Middle-class radical newspaper founded in 1833. Attempted to unite working and middle class reformers and favored factory legislation.
  
• - Leader of the Manchester Spinners' Union. Strong opponent of child labor and advocated an eight-hour day for all workers. Favored repeal of the Combination Acts and the Corn Laws. Includes excerpts from his speeches. (1798-1854)
  
• - Published in 1831 and closely associated with the National Union of the Working Classes. Gave extensive coverage to the struggle over the 1832 Reform Act. Ceased publication in 1835.
  
• - Offers information on George Holyoake.
  
• - Abstract: Born in 1804, in Heyshott, Sussex one of eleven children. He received very little formal schooling and at the age of fourteen became a clerk in the textile industry. In 1841 General Election Cobden became the MP for Stockport. Cobden believed th
  
• - Offers information on Thomas Wooler including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Offers information on the event.
  
• - Offers information on the laws.
  
• - Offers information on the Duke of Richmond including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Represented in Parliament in 1295 and unlike most boroughs granted the right to vote in parliamentary elections to all inhabitants.
  
• - Parliamentary reform proposed by William Gladstone and the Liberal Party. Aimed to construct constituencies of approximately equal size.
  
• - Abstract: Born at Hawne House, Halesowen on 6th October, 1783. After being educated at Wolverhampton Grammar School, he began work at his father's bank. Attwood first became involved in politics when he joined the campaign against the East India Company.
  
• - Abstract: Born in Leicester in 1805, he educated himself at home and in 1828 opened his own school in Gainsborough. At one time he had over a hundred pupils but his decision to provide lessons in Latin and Greek rather than concentrating on the basic subj
  
• - Abstract: Born in Lincolnshire in 1775, he moved to London in his youth and became a shoemaker. Over the years his political ideas had become more revolutionary and he was now a follower of Thomas Spence. He was particularly incensed by the Peterloo Massa
  
• - Abstract: The son of the 13th Earl of Derby, was born at Knowsley Park, Lancashire in 1799. He was educated at Eton and Christ College, Oxford and entered parliament for Stockbridge in 1820. In 1841 Stanley agreed to join the Conservative government led b
  
• - Offers a biography including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Offers information on Arthur Thistlewood including images and comments on each.
  
• - The Chartist groups in many towns had large sections of women who were often more militant than the men. They were mainly involved in campaigning for their husbands' political rights.
  
• - Abstract: Born in Dublin in 1751, his parents moved to London and in 1762 he was sent to Harrow School. After six years at Harrow he went to live with his father in Bath. He began writing plays and on in 1775, the Covent Garden Theatre produced his comedy
  
• - Unitarian, publisher of radical newspaper, and political activist who supported parliamentary reform and universal suffrage. (1761-1841)
  
• - Offers information on George Edwards including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Site of a Chartist rally led by Feargus O'Connor, an advocate of political reform.
  
• - Abstract: Born in Larbert, Scotland in 1752. After a brief education at the local school, he went to work for his grandfather who taught him the trade of shoemaking. Trade was difficult and Hardy gradually came to the conclusion that his economic problems
  
• - Wrote a large number of books on philosophy and economics. Member of the House of Commons and campaigned for parliamentary reform. (1806-1873)
  
• - Spent seventeen years in the House of Commons, remained a strong supporter of parliamentary reform and was one of the few members of the House who defended the activities of the Chartists. As one of the main opponents of the stamp duty on newspapers, in 1
  
• - Gave the vote to every male adult householder living in a borough constituency. Male lodgers paying £10 for unfurnished rooms were also granted the vote.
  
• - First published in 1802 and became the main newspaper read by the working class. Publisher William Cobbett used the newspaper to campaign for parliamentary reform.
  
• - Offers information on the Duke of Wellington including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Abstract: Born in Tynton, Glamorgan in 1723, the son of a Congregational minister, rejected his father's religious opinions and instead was attracted to the views of more liberal theologians. After attending a Dissenting Academy in London and he became a
  
• - Essayist, poet and editor. Started a political journal called the Examiner which gave support to radicals in Parliament. (1784-1859)
  
• - An author with radical political views, Godwin published "Enquiry into Political Justice" in 1793, in which he argued that as long as people acted rationally, they could live without laws or institutions. He had great influence on writers such a
  
• - Journalist and publisher of radical newspaper, the Manchester Observer. Helped form the Patriotic Union Society, a group dedicated to obtain parliamentary reform. (1788-1844)
  
• - Offers a biography including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
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• - Offers information on the group.
  
• - Tory newspaper founded by Charles Wheeler in 1781. Achieved popularity with readers who opposed social reform. Ceased publication in 1842.
  
• - Become speaker of the House of Commons in 1789 and was appointed prime minister in 1801. Supported the Tories in parliament, voted against Catholic Emancipation and the Reform Act of 1832 and helped pass the Gagging Acts. (1757-1844)
  
• - Strong supporter of universal suffrage and annual parliaments. One of the founders of the Patriotic Union Society whose main objective was to obtain parliamentary reform. (1791-1872)
  
• - Leader of the Bill of Rights Society and later formed the Constitutional Society, to campaign for parliamentary reform. (1736-1812)
  
• - Member of the Society of Spencean Philanthropists, a radical group that advocated revolution. Involved in the Cato Street Conspiracy, he was found guilty of high treason and sentenced to death.
  
• - Worked with Henry Hetherington in the Civil and Religious Association. Started newspaper and campaigned for political reform. Campaigned for removal of the stamp duty on newspapers. (1790-1847)
  
• - Chartist who worked for the Political Register where he was arrested and found guilty of seditious libel. He believed that the only way equality would be achieved was through a violent revolution. (1784-1841)
  
• - Poet and member of the House of Lords. Became a strong advocate of social reform and was one of the few men in Parliament to defend the actions of the Luddites. Opposed the Frame Breaking Bill. Includes short biography and portrait. (1788-1824)
  
• - Chosen to become president of the London Chartists in 1842. As a militant leader in London, was described by The Times as "the black man and his party". In 1848 a government spy provided information on the group. Based on that evidence he was ar
  
• - Chartist who became a leader of the Physical Force movement. Advocated universal suffrage and prison reform. (1784-1877)
  
• - Served in the House of Commons and advocated decrease in children's working hours. (1780-1835)
  
• - Abstract: Born in 1812, the eldest of eleven children, after attending the local school he left at fourteen and joined Dr. Robert Lewins as an apprentice and then went to Edinburgh University in 1829 to study medicine and graduated in 1832. While in Edinb
  
• - Offers information on George Binns including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Radical publisher of political pamphlets written by himseld and illustrated by George Cruikshank. (1780-1842)
  
• - Anstract: Born in Bury, Lancashire, on 5th February, 1788. Educated at Harrow School and Christ Church, Oxford, he won a double first in classics and mathematics. Robert Peel entered the House of Commons in April 1809, at the age of twenty-one. In 1822,
  
• - Represented Tory party in House of Commons and later became a Whig. Considered the leader of the movement for universal suffrage. Advocated the setting up of savings banks, the abolition of flogging in the army and an end to imprisonment for debt. (1777
  
• - Opposed parliamentary reform and came into conflict with William Pitt over his policy of Catholic Emancipation. Includes brief biography. (1738-1820)
  
• - Group led by Feargus O'Connor, who advocated the use of violence to achieve political reform.
  
• - Offers a biography including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Abstract: The son of the ninth Earl of Dundonald, was born in Annsfield, Lanarkshire in 1775. He was educated at home and after a brief spell at the Chauvet Military Academy in London, he joined the Royal Navy. Cochrane became captain of H.M.S. Speedy in
  
• - Wrote a pamphlet, A Vindication of the Rights of Man, in which she opposed the slave trade, the game laws and ill-treatment of the poor. (1759-1797)
  
• - Journalist. Publisher of the newspaper, the Working Man's Friend, in which he attacked the 1832 Reform Act.(1799-1874).
  
• - Offers information on the publication including bibliography.
  
• - A detailed account of the reform rally which occurred in Manchester on August 16, 1819. Eleven people were killed and about 400, including 100 women, were wounded.
  
• - Offers information on the act.
  
• - An artist mainly employed by the radical bookseller, Joseph Johnson. Blake developed an attitude of revolt against authority, combining political belief and visionary ecstasy. (1757-1827)
  
• - Employed by leaders of the Moral Force faction as a method of persuasion to convince members of the House of Commons to change the parliamentary system.
  
• - Offers information on Elizabeth Pease including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - A supporter of the Moral Force Chartist movement in the 1840s.
  
• - Demonstrations waged by the people after the House of Lords defeated the Reform Bill of 1831. Includes a cartoon and letters.
  
• - Organized in 1792 for the purpose of campaigning for the working class vote.
  
• - Offers information on the event including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Offers a biography including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Offers information on Charles Kingsley.
  
• - Imprisoned for unpaid debt and recruited as a Home Office spy. Upon release he formed a friendship with radical Charles Pendrill and traveled to meet with leading reformers in industrial districts, falsely informing them that Radicals in London were plan
  
• - Abstract: Born in 1790, the son of a shoemaker from Ashburton, Devon. He received six years education from the local Church of England school, learnt to read and write and at age of twelve left school and was apprenticed as a tinplateman in Plymouth. In 1
  
• - Artist and engraver who produced and published political satires and paintings. (1697-1764)
  
• - Abstract: Vorn in 1822 and educated at Oriel College, Oxford, he trained as a lawyer. While a student he read The Kingdom of Christ (1838) by Frederick Denison Maurice. In the book Maurice argued that politics and religion are inseparable and that the chu
  
• - Workers, upset by wage reductions and the use of unapprenticed workmen, who broke into factories at night to destroy new machines. Their activities became a capital offense. As a result, Parliament passed the Frame Breaking Act in which people convicted
  
• - Offers information on the event including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Offers information on George Cruikshank including images and comments on each.
  
• - As High Sheriff of Lancashire, he was kept busy with local attempts to form trade unions and rebellions against the building of textile factories. Appointed chairman of the Lancashire and Cheshire Magistrates in July 1819, he was relied upon to deal sever
  
• - Became Secretary for India in Lord Derby's government and Foreign Secretary. Helped in defeat of the Parliamentary Reform Bill proposed by William Gladstone in 1866. Became leader of the Conservative Party and prime minister in 1885. (1830-1903)
  
• - Clash between the Chartists and government troops on November 4, 1839 in which over twenty men were killed and another fifty were wounded.
  
• - Granted women the vote in parliamentary elections. Includes selections from speeches and excerpts from several writers.
  
• - Proposed by Earl Grey, Whig prime minister. Provided for disenfranchisement clauses for some of the rotten boroughs and more representation in the House of Commons for growing industrial towns. Defeated by the House of Lords.
  
• - Journalist who wrote several articles in favor of parliamentary reform. (1788-1875)
  
• - A moderate reformer, he grew up with a strong interest in politics, served in the House of Commons and argued that parliamentary reform was necessary for the preservation of liberty. Was prime minister from 1783-1801 and 1804-1806. (1759-1806)
  
• - Offers information on Benjamin Disraeli.
  
• - Abstract: Born in Scotland in 1760. Apprenticed as a saddler he moved to London, became partner in a tack company and married the daughter of a wealthy London merchant. He later became a magistrate at Bow Street where he developed a reputation for being a
  
• - Held radical political views. Became Secretary of the Scottish Association of the Friends of the People in 1792. Government spies attended these meetings and Fox was arrested at a meeting in Edinburgh, found guilty of writing and publishing pamphlets on p
  
• - Offers information on James Bronterre O'Brien including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Member of the Spencean Philanthropists, a group of radicals who advocated revolution.
  
• - Abstract: Born in Glasgow in 1765. He began attending Glasgow Grammar School in 1770 and at the age of ten was admitted to Glasgow University. He embarked upon the study of divinity, however, in 1782 he abandoned his studies for the Church and began atten
  
• - Offers information on Henry Brougham including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Newspaper which advocated government's policies and did not support writers advocating parliamentary reform.
  
• - Newspaper edited by Edward Baines, an ardent advocate of parliamentary reform and supporter of the Liberal Party.
  
• - Quaker who was elected to represent Durham in the House of Commons and campaigned for the repeal of the Corn Laws. Became one of the leading advocates for universal suffrage. (1811-1889)
  
• - Member of the London Corresponding Society. Wrote and published pamphlets on parliamentary reform. (1745-1815)
  
• - Offers information on the Earl of Aberdeen.
  
• - Strong opponent of Catholic Emancipation and against parliamentary reform. Includes brief biography. (1762-1830)
  
• - Clergyman and moderate reformer who advanced liberal political and religious thought in 18th century England. (1733-1804)
  
• - Introduced by Gladstone and gave working class males the same voting rights as those living in the boroughs.
  
• - Leader of the Whig campaign in the House of Commons for parliamentary reform. Served as prime minister from 1846-52 and 1865-66. (1792-1878)
  
• - Offers a biography including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Chief Clerk at Bow Street courthouse. One of his main tasks was to recruit Home Office spies, give them their orders and to receive their reports. Their information led to the arrest several members of the Spencean Philanthropists, a group who were invol
  
• - Radical journalist and advocate of revolution. As unofficial leader of the revolutionary Radicals, he encouraged the formation of small groups that could meet in local public houses and argued that all land should be nationalised. (1750-1814)
  
• - Offers a biography including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
• - Radical newspaper formed in 1818 which criticized the government. Reported on the incident which became known as the Peterloo Massacre.
  
• - Abstract: The first edition published on 9th June 1787. A pioneer of a newspaper which gave extensive coverage to local issues while reporting on major national stories. Unlike most provincial newspapers, the Sheffield Register did not rely on copying art
  
• - Offers group information including bibliography and comments on each work.
  
  

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