Holothuroidea Echinodermata Animalia Flora and Fauna

Holothuroideans are the sea cucumbers. They are sausage-shaped and have fleshy bodies with the skeleton reduced to a few ossicles in the body wall. Tentacles surround their mouths and help them to eat, pushing food towards their mouths. They crawl or burrow into soft sediments using muscular movements of the body wall.

• Bathyplotes bongraini - Photographs and information on this large sea cucumber found in Antarctic waters.
  
• Cucumaria spp. - Photograph and information on this unidentified sea cucumber found here perched on algae.
  
• Heterocucumis steineni - Photographs and information on this sea cucumber, one of the most widely spread species in the Weddell Sea.
  
• Cucumber Defenses - Rob Toonen's comments about the defense mechanisms of sea cucumbers.
  
• Staurocucumis liouvillei - Photographs and information on this sea cucumber in the family Cucumariidae which often lives attached to a sponge.
  
• Thyonella gemmata - Taxonomy and photograph of this shallow-water sea cucumber.
  
• Holothuroidea - Sea Cucumbers - Overview, including characteristics, taxonomy, phylogenetic relationships, and fossil history.
  
• Cotton-Spinner (Holothuria forskali) - Whilst diving round the coasts of Britain, Jane Lilley observed this sea cucumber and its behavior.
  
• Cucumaria frondosa - Exercise from Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine covering the systematics, external and internal anatomy of this sea cucumber.
  
• Sea Cucumbers - Class Holothuroidea - Description and interesting facts.
  
• Sea Cucumber: Holothuria pardalis - Research project by Ka Wai Hui on this species, including its classification, habitat, reproduction, nutrition, adaptations and use to humans.
  
• Istichopus badionotus - Taxonomy, description and photograph of this sea cucumber.
  
• Sea Cucumber File - Short article from Diver Magazine, 2002, on the defense mechanisms and feeding habits of these marine creatures.
  
• Holothuria forskali: Black Sea Cucumber - Photographs and a description of this species.
  
• Sclerodactyla briareus - Exercise from Invertebrate Anatomy OnLine covering the systematics, external and internal anatomy of this sea cucumber, with notes on Cucumaria.
  
• Staurocucumis turqueti - Photographs and information on this sea cucumber found in Antarctic waters.
  
• Athyonidium chilensis - Images and brief information about this Chilean species (Dendrochirotida: Cucumariidae).
  
• Sea Cucumbers - Taxing Problems - Philip Lambert's article for the Royal British Columbia Museum about his research on the natural history of sea cucumbers.
  
• Echinopsolus acanthocola - Photograph and information on this sea cucumber which is a suspension feeder.
  
• Sea Cucumber Degradation - 1994 legal update from Galapagos Foundation on sea cucumber fishing.
  
  

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