L Catholic Encyclopedia Reference Catholicism Denominations Christianity

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• - A titular see of Isauria, afterwards of Lycaonia.
  
• - Layman and martyr, b. probably at Grimthorpe, Yorks, England, date unknown; d. at York, 1 Dec., 1586.
  
• - Decorative painter, b. at Parma, 1581, d. in Rome, 1647.
  
• - A celebrated ancient Cistercian abbey, situated on the Oder, northwest of Breslau, in the Prussian Province of Silesia.
  
• - A lector (reader) in the West is a clerk having the second of the four minor orders. In all Eastern Churches also, readers are ordained to a minor order preparatory to the diaconate.
  
• - A Capuchin, better known as Pere Joseph, b. in Paris, 4 Nov., 1577; d. at Rueil, 18 Dec., 1638.
  
• - Chief town in the Kingdom of Saxony, situated at the junction of the Pleisse, Parthe, and Weisse Elster.
  
• - An Indian village occupied by the principal remnant of the ancient Huron tribe on the east bank of Saint Charles River.
  
• - The capital of the like named province in Tuscany, Central Italy
  
• - Latin, French, Italian, Greek, and Spanish literatures are a few of the influences.
  
• - A titular see in Mauretania Sitifensis, suffragan of Sitifis, or Sétif, in Algeria.
  
• - This diocese took its rise in the conversion of Mercia by St. Cedd and his three companions in 652 and subsequent years.
  
• - The seat of a titular archbishopric of Thessaly.
  
• - French historian; b. at Nemours, 1839; d. at Paris, 1897.
  
• - Bishop of Ruremonde and of Ghent, b. at Dordrecht, in 1525; d. at Ghent, 2 November, 1588; he was the son of Damasus van der Lint.
  
• - Diocese in Dalmatia; includes the three islands of Hvar (Lesina), the ancient Pharia colonized by the Greeks in 385 B.C.; Brac, formerly Brattia or Brachia, also colonized by the Greeks; and Lissa, formerly Issa.
  
• - As defined by St. Thomas Aquinas, a statement at variance with the mind.
  
• - Established at Vienna for the purpose of aiding the Catholic missions in North America.
  
• - Biblical scholar end orientalist, b. at Ohey, in Belgium, 27 Jan., 1827, d. at Louvain, 30 July, 1907.
  
• - Born at Mimbaste near Dax, France, 21 February, 1822; died at Rennes, 10 May, 1847; was the youngest child of simple pious peasants.
  
• - The Rite of Jerusalem is that of Antioch.
  
• - French painter and etcher, b. in 1600 at Chamagnc on the banks of the Moselle in Lorraine; d. in Rome, 21 Nov., 1681 (or 23 Nov., 1682).
  
• - Ecclesiastical tithes, which in the course of time became alienated from the Church to lay proprietors.
  
• - This article deals only with the two general councils of 1245 and 1275.
  
• - A medieval historian; b. in Franconia or Thuringia, c. 1024; d. after 1077.
  
• - One of the early missionaries of New France, b. at Paris, 4 October, 1604; d. in the island of Martinique, 12 June, 1690.
  
• - Brief article accepts the tradition that St. Loman, bishop of Trim, was a nephew of St. Patrick.
  
• - Son of Bathuel, the Syrian.
  
• - The two earliest known specimens of lace-worked linen albs are that of St. Francis, preserved at St. Clare's convent, Assisi, and the alb of Pope Boniface VIII, now in the treasury of the Sistine Chapel.
  
• - Jesuit missionary and writer, born at Bordeaux, France, 1 January, 1681; died there, 1746.
  
• - Virgin and martyr, d. 303 in the Diocletian persecution.
  
• - A name used to designate a layman on whom a king or someone in authority bestowed an abbey as a reward for services rendered.
  
• - The Diocese of La Rochelle (Rupellensis), suffragan of Bordeaux, comprises the entire Department of Charente-Inférieure.
  
• - Innocent IV, threatened by Emperor Frederick II, arrived at Lyons 2 December, 1244, and early in 1245 summoned the bishops and princes to the council.
  
• - Diocese in northern India, part of the ecclesiastical Province of Agra.
  
• - Sienese painters. The time of their birth and death is not known.
  
• - Speaking generally, the expression "lay communion" does not necessarily imply the idea of the Eucharist, but only the condition of a layman in communion with the Church.
  
• - Formerly included in the great Kingdom of Congo, Loango became independent towards the end of the sixteenth century, at which time it extended from the mouth of the Kwilou to that of the River Congo.
  
• - Jesuit theologian, b. at Madrid, 1580; d, at Valladolid, 17 September, 1652.
  
• - A community devoted to the education of youth and the care of the sick and infirm. It was founded at Renaix, Flanders, in 1830, by Etienne Modeste Glorieux, a Belgian priest, and approved in 1892 by Leo XIII.
  
• - Composer, born at Mons, Hainault, Belgium, in 1520 (according to most biographers; but his epitaph gives 1532); died at Munich, 14 June, 1594.
  
• - A name which has given rise to considerable confusion and dispute in Argentine ethnology, owing to the fact, now established, that it was applied at different times to two very different peoples, neither of which now exists under that name, while the voca
  
• - Born at Paris, 17 November, 1587; died there, 18 November, 1674. He was the first superior of the Jesuit missions in Canada, and his letter to his brother dated 1 August, 1626, inaugurated the series of "Relations" about the missionary work in t
  
• - A small tribe of Salishan stock, originally ranging along Columbia River in northeast Washington from about Kettle Falls to the British line.
  
• - Three canonical collections of quite different value from a legal standpoint are known by this title.
  
• - The Teutonic word Lent, which we employ to denote the forty days' fast preceding Easter, originally meant no more than the spring season.
  
• - A titular see of Hellespont, suffragan of Cyzicus.
  
• - Located in Sweden; originally included Östergötland, the Islands of Gotland and Öland, and Smaaland.
  
• - Located in the province of Avellino, Southern Italy.
  
• - Jesuit missionary, b. at Paris, 27 April, 1593, d. at Quebec, 16 November, 1665.
  
• - Includes information concerning the laws in the United States and Canada.
  
• - Spanish poet and theologian, b. at Belmonte, Aragon, in 1528; d. at Madrigal, 23 August, 1591.
  
• - Astronomer and physicist, b. 13 Dec., 1805, at Braemar in Scotland, near Balmoral Castle; d.. 6 Aug., 1879, at Bogenhausen near Munich, Bavaria.
  
• - Archdeacon author of an important history of the Nestorian and Monophysite troubles.
  
• - Teachers of civil or Roman law, who, besides expounding sources, explaining terms, elucidating texts, summarizing the contents of chapters, etc., illustrated by cases, real or imaginary, the numerous questions and distinctions arising out of the "Cor
  
• - Spanish theologian and controversialist, b. at Rivadavia, Spain, 1555, d. at Rome 23 Aug., 1629.
  
• - In its most restricted sense, by a pious legacy or bequest (legatum pium) is understood, the assigning, by a last will, of a particular thing forming part of an estate, to a church or an ecclesiastical institution.
  
• - Pianist and composer. (1811-1886)
  
• - Born at Saint-Malo, 29 June, 1782; died at Paris, 27 February, 1854.
  
• - Since the fifteenth century, and possibly even earlier, it has been numbered among the most famous shrines of Italy.
  
• - An ancient city in the province of Foggia in Apulia, Southern Italy.
  
• - Does not give the text of the litany itself, but mentions many of the titles of Jesus Christ.
  
• - Belgian philosopher and theologian, born at Graide, 23 January, 1823; died at Louvain, 26 January, 1872.
  
• - A titular see in Palestina Prima, suffragan of Cæsarea.
  
• - Religious occupied solely with manual labour and with the secular affairs of a monastery or friary.
  
• - Confessor of King Louis XIV, born at the mansion of Aix, in Forez, Department of Loire, 25 August, 1624; died at Paris, 20 January, 1709.
  
• - Son of the Rev. Alexander Lockhart of Waringham, Surry; b. 22 Aug., 1820; d. at St. Etheldreda's Priory, Eby Place, Holborn, London, 15 May, 1892.
  
• - A historical survey from Indian and Pre-Aristotelian philosophy to the Logic of John Stuart Mill.
  
• - Chemist, philosopher, economist. (1743-1794)
  
• - French bishop, b. at Couches-les-Mines near Autun, 1816, d. at Reims, 1874.
  
• - Painter, b. in Paris, 15 June, 1636; d. in Paris, 13 December, 1716, and buried in the church of Saint Eustache.
  
• - The reading of lessons from the Bible, Acts of Martyrs, or approved Fathers of the Church, forms an important element of Christian services in all rites since the beginning.
  
• - Born in 1754, in the Château de Colombier-le-Vieux, Ardèche, France; died at Lyons, 16 July, 1827.
  
• - Writer, b. at Sarzeau (Morbihan), 1668; d. at Boulogne-sur-Mer, 1747.
  
• - A French miniaturist. With his two brothers, he flourished at Paris at the end of the fourteenth and the beginning of the fifteenth century.
  
• - A convert to Catholicism, was hanged in 1601 for the (unproven) crime of harboring a priest. She is one of the Forty Martyrs of England and Wales.
  
• - French general and commander-in-chief of the papal army, b. at Nantes, 5 February, 1806; d. at the château of Prouzel, near Amiens, 11 September, 1865.
  
• - Chief town of the Canton of Lucerne in Switzerland.
  
• - The libelli were certificates issued to Christians of the third century.
  
• - The ancient capital of Flanders, now the chief town of the Département du Nord in France.
  
• - A titular see of Macedonia.
  
• - The opening words (used as a title of the sequence composed by St. Thomas Aquinas, about the year 1264, for the Mass of Corpus Christi.
  
• - Spanish critic and historian, b. at Ravanal de los Caballeros, 1 May, 1806; d. at Madrid, 25 Oetober, 1866.
  
• - The word Lucas seems to have been unknown before the Christian Era; but Lucanus is common in inscriptions, and is found at the beginning and end of the Gospel in some Old Latin manuscripts (ibid.). It is generally held that St. Luke was a native of Antioc
  
• - From the commencement of his reign Innocent III had purposed to assemble an ecumenical council, but only towards the end of his pontificate could he realize this project, by the Bull of 19 April, 1213. The assembly was to take place in November, 1215.
  
• - A French theologian and controversialist, b. at Lisieux towards the middle of the seventeenth century; d. 1 July, 1716, at Paris.
  
• - French cardinal b. at Paris, 1738; d. there, l821.
  
• - Provides history and geography of the area.
  
• - During the Middle Ages the so-called church Latin was to a great extent the language of poetry, and it was only on the advent of the Renaissance that classical Latin revived and flourished in the writings of the neo-Latinists as it does even today though
  
• - Florentine philosopher and statesman, born at Florence, c. 1210; the son of Buonaccorso Latini, died 1294.
  
• - Formerly a titular archiepiscopal see in pro-consular Africa.
  
• - Diocese embracing the West Riding of Yorkshire, and that part of the city of York to the south of the River Ouse.
  
• - Belgian Jesuit and composer. (1796-1855)
  
• - Priest and reformer, lived at Liège, Belgium, about the middle of the twelfth century.
  
• - Collections of books accumulated and made accessible for public or private use.
  
• - French-Canadian writer, b. at St-Denis on the Richelieu, P.Q., 27 September, 1843; d. 5 January, 1893, son of Jean-Baptiste Lusignan, a merchant, and Onésime Masse.
  
• - The capital of England and chief city of the British Empire, is situated about fifty miles from the mouth of the Thames.
  
• - In the Old Testament God commanded that a lamp filled with the purest oil of olives should always burn in the Tabernacle of the Testimony without the veil.
  
• - Archbishop of Reims, b. at Turin, 1642; d. at Reims, 1710.
  
• - A series of five important councils held at Rome from the twelfth to the sixteen century.
  
• - The canonical term for the act by which the irregularity contracted by being born out of lawful wedlock is removed.
  
• - A Cistercian abbey in the Diocese of Minden, formerly in Brunswick but now included in Hanover, was founded by Count Wilbrand von Hallermund in 1163.
  
• - Article on this English priest and missionary to his native land, martyred in 1588.
  
• - French Jesuit orator. (1643-1725)
  
• - Jesuit educationist and social work, b. at Paris, 21 November, 1835; d. there, 30 August, 1909.
  
• - A term of somewhat vague significance, used with a good deal of latitude by liturgical writers.
  
• - A Franciscan Récollet and one of the most zealous missionaries to the Micmac of Canada, also a distinguished historiographer of Nouvelle France.
  
• - Reigned 440-461.
  
• - Name of a king mentioned in Prov., xxxi, 1 and 4, but otherwise unknown.
  
• - Jesuit writer, b. in Lancashire, about 1559; d. in England, probably before 1628; was the son of Christopher Lister, of Midhope, Yorks.
  
• - Convoked, by the Bull of 18 July, 1511, to assemble 19 April, 1512, in the church of St. John Lateran.
  
• - A Greek composite word meaning originally a public duty, a service to the state undertaken by a citizen.
  
• - Recollect, one of the most zealous missionaries of the Huron tribe, d. in France, 1656.
  
• - Spanish philosopher. (1681-1748)
  
• - The metropolitan see of Bolivia.
  
• - Suffragan to St. Louis, established, 22 May, 1877.
  
• - Founded in 1180 by Otto II, Margrave of Brandenburg, for Cistercian monks.
  
• - A Westphalian painter, who in 1465 executed an altar-piece of note in the Benedictine monastery of Liesborn, founded by Charlemagne.
  
• - A free way of thinking and acting in private and public life.
  
• - French Orientalist and poet; b. near Falaise in Normandy, 9 August, 1541; d. in 1598 in the house in which he was born.
  
• - A noble Milanese family which gave two distinguished cardinals to the Church.
  
• - A work in four books (120 or 121 chapters), purporting to be the composition of Charlemagne, and written about 790-92.
  
• - He took the habit of St. Benedict in the Abbey of St. Faro at Meaux, and made his religious profession on 21 Nov., 1703.
  
• - Hessian jurist and stateman, b. in the village of Brilon, Westphalia, 7 Aug., 1797; d. at Bonn during the night of 8-9 June, 1870.
  
• - Writer, born at Lydgate, Suffolk, about 1370; d. probably about 1450. He entered the Benedictine abbey at Bury when fifteen and may have been educated earlier at the school of the Benedictine monks there and have been afterwards at the Benedictine house o
  
• - Catholic theologian, b., at Molsheim in Alsace 12 Oct., 1759; 4. at Strasburg, 11 Nov., 1844.
  
• - French cardinal and statesman. (1727-1794)
  
• - Born at Bologna, unknown date, died at Rome, 15 February, 1145.
  
• - Reigned 682-683.
  
• - Spanish artist, b. at Seville in 1598; d. at Madrid in 1662; he was a pupil of Juan de Las Roelas, the painter of the great altar-piece in the church of St. Isidore in Seville, of the "Martyrdom of St. Andrew" in the museum at Seville, and of th
  
• - Chiefly used during the Middle Ages. Doesn't mean arts as the word is understood today, but those branches of knowledge which were taught in the schools of that time.
  
• - A term sometimes used synonymously with reliquary, but signifying, more correctly, the little box containing the relics, which is placed inside the reliquary.
  
• - Embracing Atacama and Coquimbo provinces (Chile), suffragan of Santiago, erected 1 July, 1840.
  
• - A lottery is one of the aleatory contracts and is commonly defined as a distribution of prizes by lot or by chance.
  
• - Born 16 October, 1643, of a peasant family, not at Vire as has so often been said, but at Vast near Cherbourg; died at La Flèche, 2 September, 1719.
  
• - A noted missionary of New France in the eighteenth century, born at Poitiers, 26 September, 1687; died at Quebec, 5 September, 1742.
  
• - In September, 1178, the pope in agreement with an article of the Peace of Venice, convoked an ecumenical council at the Lateran for Lent of the following year and, with that object, sent legates to different countries.
  
• - Loyola University, New Orleans, Louisiana, was (in 1912) the only Catholic university in what is popularly designated "The Old South".
  
• - A step behind the altar, raised slightly above it, for candlesticks, flowers, reliquaries, and other ornaments.
  
• - Embraces the Department of La Vendée.
  
• - A titular see of Isauria, suffragan of Seleucia.
  
• - Biblical scholar and Orientalist; b. at Morlaix (Finisterre), in the Diocese of Quimper, France, 5 Dec., 1811; d. at Paris, 13 Jan., 1868.
  
• - Principal author of the Gregorian Calendar, was a native of Cirò or Zirò in Calabria.
  
• - The regular designation in the third century for Christians who relapsed into heathenism, especially for those who during the persecutions displayed weakness in the face of torture, and denied the Faith by sacrificing to the heathen gods or by any other a
  
• - The third book of the Pentateuch, so called because it treats of the offices, ministries, rites, and ceremonies of the priests and Levites.
  
• - A congregation of secular priests with religious vows founded by St. Vincent de Paul.
  
• - The name of one of the most illustrious families of the New World, whose deeds adorn the pages of Canadian history.
  
• - The enigma of life is still one of the two or three most difficult problems that face both scientist and philosopher.
  
• - Bishop of Maestricht, martyred between 698 and 701 for defending the sanctity of marriage. Also called St. Landebertus.
  
• - Archbishop of Gnesen and Primate of Poland, b. at Lask, 1456; d. at Gnesen, 19 May, 1531.
  
• - The name of two persons in the N.T.; a character in one of Christ's parables, and the brother of Martha and Mary of Bethania.
  
• - The name by which the military standard adopted by Constantine the Great after his celebrated vision (Lactantius, "De mortibus persecutorum", 44), was known in antiquity.
  
• - A miscellaneous collection of ecclesiastical formularies used in the papal chancery until the eleventh century.
  
• - Founded as a result of the First Crusade, in 1099. Destroyed a first time by Saladin in 1187, it was re-established around Saint-Jean d'Acre and maintained until the capture of that city in 1291.
  
• - In English this term is frequently employed as equivalent to the laws of nature, meaning the order which governs the activities of the material universe. Among the Roman jurists natural law designated those instincts and emotions common to man and the low
  
• - A titular see of Palestina Prima in the Patriarchate of Jerusalem.
  
• - Founded in 1852 by the Seminary of Quebec; the royal charter granted to it by Queen Victoria was signed at Westminster, 8 December, 1852.
  
• - French archeologist and historian, born 12 August, 1818; died 5 July, 1897 at Paris.
  
• - Located in Hainault, Belgium, founded about 650, by St. Landelin, a converted brigand, so that the place where his crimes had been committed might benefit by his conversion.
  
• - Poet, novelist. (1851-1898)
  
• - Abbot of Ferrieres, French Benedictine writer, b. in the Diocese of Sens, about 805; d. about 862.
  
• - A liturgical devotion to the Blessed Virgin, in imitation of, and in addition to, the Divine Office.
  
• - The Diocese of Lismore extends over a territory of 21,000 squire miles in the nort-east of New South Wales (Australia).
  
• - Canonist, b. at Perugia in 1522; d. there, 23 September, 1590.
  
• - Suffragan of Quito, Ecuador, includes the greater part of the Provinces of Loja and El Oro.
  
• - A missionary in New France, b. at Paris, 12 Nov. (al. 28 Oct.), 1659; d. at Quebec in 1736.
  
• - Seventeenth-century Jesuit missionaries.
  
• - English martyr. (d. 1543)
  
• - Scholar and philosopher, born at Coblenz, 16 March, 1805; died at Munich, 9 May, 1861.
  
• - Missionary, born at St. Georges d'Espérance, Grenoble, France, 6 December, 1812; died at Temiscaming, Canada, 4 October, 1884.
  
• - Church historian. (1824-1879)
  
• - Baron, French military surgeon, b. at Baudéan, Hautes-Pyrénées, July, 1766; d. at Lyons, 25 July, 1842.
  
• - French composer. (1760-1837)
  
• - A titular see, of Asia Minor, metropolis of Phrygia Pacatiana, said to have been originally called Diospolis and Rhoas; Antiochus II colonized it between 261 and 246 B.C., and gave it the name of his wife, Laodice.
  
• - A cardinal, hagiographer, b. in 1500; d. 15 August, 1559. Of a noble Venetian family, he devoted himself from his youth to the study of the classical languages and later to the pursuit of the sacred sciences.
  
• - French priest. (1673-1716)
  
• - The name Lucifer originally denotes the planet Venus, emphasizing its brilliance.
  
• - This is the oldest, and ranks first among the four great "patriarchal" basilicas of Rome.
  
• - Reigned 352-366.
  
• - A bishop, who must have been born in the early years of the fourth century; died in 371.
  
• - From a religious point of view it aimed at supporting Catholicism in France politically at restoring the "ancient franchises and liberties" against the royal power.
  
• - One of the greatest architects of France in the pure Renaissance style, b. at Paris about 1510; d. there, 1571.
  
• - Suffragan of the Archdiocese of Vienna.
  
• - A word derived from Longobardia and used during the Middle Ages to designate the country ruled over by the Longobards, which varied in extent with the varying fortunes of that race in Italy.
  
• - City in Italy. Suffragan of Pisa.
  
• - A titular see in Galatia Prima.
  
• - The name given to the followers of John Wyclif, an heretical body numerous in England in the latter part of the fourteenth and the first half of the fifteenth century.
  
• - Born at Aigueperse, about 1504; d. at Courdimanche, 13 March, 1573. While very young he went to Italy to join his father, who had been a follower of the traitor, the Constable of Bourbon, in the camp of Charles V.
  
• - Irish confessor. (1128-1180)
  
• - A word of Teutonic derivation, meaning literally "hem" or "border," as of a garment, or anything joined on.
  
• - Founded in the year 635 by St. Carthach the Younger.
  
• - Early in 1608 Duke Maximilian started negotiations with the spiritual electors and some of the Catholic states of the empire, with a view to the formation of a union of the Catholic states.
  
• - A philologian and humanist of the Netherlands, b. at Overyssche, 18 Oct., 1547; d. at Louvain, 23 March, 1606.
  
• - Llancarvan, Glamorganshire, Wales, was a college and monastery founded apparently about the middle of the fifth century.
  
• - Bohemian duchess, grandmother of St. Wenceslaus. Strangled to death by assassins hired by her pagan daughter-in-law in 921.
  
• - Bishop of Toulouse. (1274-1297)
  
• - Short biographical article on the English priest and martyr.
  
• - The city of Lublin is in Russian Poland, capital of the Government of Lublin, lies on the Bistrzyca, a tributary of the Vistula, and in 1897 had a population of 50,152, of whom 30,914 were Catholics.
  
• - One of the four pioneer missionaries of Canada and first missionary to the Hurons (q.v.), b. near Paris in 1586; d. in France, 29 March, 1632.
  
• - Author of memoirs and novels, born in Paris, 1634; died there, 1693.
  
• - Dominican orator. (1802-1861)
  
• - The inordinate craving for, or indulgence of, the carnal pleasure which is experienced in the human organs of generation.
  
• - The Evangelists and critics generally agree that the Last Supper was on a Thursday, that Christ suffered and died on Friday, and that He arose from the dead on Sunday.
  
• - Dominican missionary, born at Paris, 1664; died there, 1738.
  
• - French engineer. (1755-1833)
  
• - A titular see of Phrygia Salutaris, mentioned by Strabo, XII, 576, Pliny, V, 29, Ptolemy, V, 2, 23, Hierocles, and the "Notitiae episcopatuum", probably founded by Antiochus the Great about 200 B.C.
  
• - Reigned 1878-1903.
  
• - Carmelite nun, companion of St. Teresa; b. At Medina del Campo (Old Castile), 25 November, 1545; d. at Brussels, 4 March, 1621.
  
• - Leader of the great religious revolt of the sixteenth century in Germany; born at Eisleben, 10 November, 1483; died at Eisleben, 18 February, 1546.
  
• - A titular see in Crete, suffragan of Gortyna, was probably a colony of Tarrha.
  
• - Situated on an island of the same name, now known as that of Saint-Honorat, about a league from the coast of Provence, in the Department of the Maritime Alps, now included in the Diocese of Nice, formerly in that of Grasse or of Antibes.
  
• - Poet and dramatist, b. at Madrid, 1562; d. 23 Aug., 1635.
  
• - Spanish theologian, writer, and preacher. (1505-1588)
  
• - An Alsatian Humanist, b. at Strasburg, 1487; d. at Freiburg, 1537.
  
• - The Roman Martyrology mentions at least six martyrs named Leonidas or Leonides, the most famous being St. Leonidas of Alexandria, the father of Origen.
  
• - The fourth, or middle, Sunday of Lent, so called from the first words of the Introit at Mass.
  
• - Welsh priest and martyr, executed at Cardiff, 22 July, 1679.
  
• - A suffragan of Milan.
  
• - Historian, b. at Ypres (Flanders), 23 July, 1612; d. at Louvain, 10 July, 1681.
  
• - The pilgrimage of Lourdes is founded on the apparitions of the Blessed Virgin to a poor, fourteen-year-old girl, Bernadette Soubiroux. The first apparition occurred 11 February, 1858.
  
• - Italian portrait painter, born at Venice, 1480; died at Loreto, 1556.
  
• - Nephew of Abraham.
  
• - Article concerned with the general aspects and in particular with the charge so often levelled against Catholicism of adopting wholesale the ceremonial practices of the pagan world.
  
• - Diocese in Galicia, Spain, a suffragan of Santiago, said to have been founded (by Agapitus) in Apostolic times.
  
• - It put a stop to the arbitrary conferring of ecclesiastical benefices by laymen, reestablished freedom of episcopal and abbatial elections, separated spiritual from temporal affairs, and ratified the principle that spiritual authority can emanate only fro
  
• - English martyr, b. about 1635, d. at Tyburn, 14 July, 1679.
  
• - An important tribe of Salishan linguistic stock, in southern British Columbia.
  
• - Cardinal, Archbishop of Canterbury and Chancellor of England, b. at Langham in Rutland; d. at Avignon, France, 22 July, 1376.
  
• - An ascetical and apologetic writer of the Congregation of St-Maur, b. in 1636 at Montireau in the Department of Eure-et-Loir; d. 11 April, 1711, at the Abbey of St-Denis near Paris.
  
• - A monastery of Augustinian Canons, situated amongst the Black Mountains of South Wales, nine miles north-east of Abergavenny.
  
• - One of the few Christian symbols dating from the first century is that of the Good Shepherd carrying on His shoulders a lamb or a sheep, with two other sheep at his side.
  
• - Benedictine patristic writer, born 6 Feb., 1747, at Füssen in Bavaria; died 8 March, 1800 (Hefele says 1801), at the Abbey of St. George at Billingen in the Black Forest.
  
• - Also known as St. Leonard of Noblac. According to eleventh-century legend, he was a sixth-century Frankish nobleman.
  
• - Carthusian monk and ascetical writer, b. at Landsberg in Bavaria 1489, d. at Cologne, 11 Aug., 1539.
  
• - Ecclesiastical writer, b. at Dieppe in Normandy, 18 Feb., 1647; d. at the Abbey of St-Germain in Paris, 24 March, 1724.
  
• - A distinguished German antiquary, born at Donaueschingen, 10 April, 1770; died 15 March, 1855.
  
• - French publicist. (1793-1876)
  
• - While official or private collections of Roman Law made under the Empire are called codices, e. g. "Codex Theodosianus", probably because they were written on parchment sheets bound together in book form, the title lex was given to collections o
  
• - Apostle of the Acadians, b. at St. Philippe, P. Q., 1831; d. at St. Joseph, N. B., 1895.
  
• - Polish cardinal. (1822-1902)
  
• - A Jesuit missionary, b. at Beauvais, 1604; d. in 1665 at Cap de la Madeleine, near Three Rivers.
  
• - A Flemish Jesuit and a theologian of high reputation, born at Brecht, in the province of Antwerp, 1 October, 1554; died at Louvain, 15 January, 1623.
  
• - Comprises the Department of the Rhône (except the Canton of Villeurbanne, which belongs to the Diocese of Grenoble) and of the Loire.
  
• - Date of birth unknown; d. 13 July, 939. A Roman and priest of St. Sixtus, and probably a Benedictine monk, he was elected pope 3 January, 936.
  
• - A French lexicographer and philosopher; born at Paris, 1 February, 1801; died there, 2 June, 1881.
  
• - A chronic infectious disease caused by the bacillus leprœ, characterized by the formation of growths in the skin, mucous membranes, peripheral nerves, bones, and internal viscera, producing various deformities and mutilations of the human body, and usual
  
• - A chant, if its style, composition, and execution prove it suitable for liturgical use, may properly be called liturgical chant.
  
• - Diocese comprising the Department of the Haute-Marne.
  
• - A priest of the Church of Antioch who suffered martyrdom (7 January, 312), during the reign of Maximinus Daza.
  
• - Distinguished botanist, zoologist, and natural philosopher, b. at Bazentin in Picardy (department of Somme), France, 1 August, 1744; d. at Paris, 18 December, 1829.
  
• - Located in the commune and parish of La Salette-Fallavaux, Canton of Corps, Department of Isere, and Diocese of Grenoble.
  
• - A celebrated Cistercian abbey situated in Upper Franconia (Bavaria), not far from Mein, in the Diocese of Bamberg.
  
• - Established by Pius IX in 1854, in the Palazzo del Laterano erected by Sixtus V on the part of the site of the ancient Lateran palace destroyed by fire in 1308. In 1843 the "profane" Museum of the Lateran was founded by Gregory XVI, in whose pon
  
• - By the Treaty of Verdun in 843, the empire of Charlemagne was divided in three parts: Ludwig the German received Eastern Franconia; Charles the Bald, Western Franconia; and Lothair I, the strip of land lying between the two and reaching from the North Sea
  
• - A republic on the west coast of Africa.
  
• - Fourth-century Christian apologist.
  
• - Opposed during the last years of the reign of Louis XV to the government of Maupeou, and the friend of all the reformers who surrounded Louis XVI, he owed to the influence of these economists the favour of the king.
  
• - The third and greatest of the Divine virtues enumerated by St. Paul (1 Cor., xiii, 13), usually called charity, defined: a divinely infused habit, inclining the human will to cherish God for his own sake above all things, and man for the sake of God.
  
• - The existing marriage tie which constitutes in canon law a public impediment to the contracting of a second marriage.
  
• - Born 10 Dec., 1631, at Brescia in Italy; died in the same place, 22 Feb., 1687. Mathematician and naturalist, he was also the scientific founder of aeronautics.
  
• - The subordinate ministers appointed in the Mosaic Law for the service of the Tabernacle and of the Temple.
  
• - French cardinal, b. at Paris, 1632; d. at Grenoble, 1707.
  
• - Abbey of the Order of Reformed Cistercians.
  
• - Founder of the Sisters of Charity of St. Vincent de Paul, d. 1660.
  
• - Preacher, theologian, scripturist, Bishop of La Rochelle and Saintes, b. at Paraza, France, 24 August, 1839; d. at Malvisade, near Castelnaudary, France, 28 September, 1906.
  
• - The origins of this see are to be found in the sixth century monastic movement initiated by St. Dubricius, who presided over the monastery of Mochros.
  
• - Painter, decorator, and writer. (1835-1910)
  
• - To efface the last vestiges of the schism, to condemn various errors and reform abuses among clergy and people Innocent, in the month of April, 1139, convoked, at the Lateran, the tenth ecumenical council.
  
• - The exact dates of the election and death of Leo VI are uncertain, but it is clear that he was pope during the latter half of 928.
  
• - Discoverer of the Canadian West, born at Three Rivers, Quebec, 17 November, 1685; died at Montreal, 6 December, 1749.
  
• - Croatian historian, b. early in the seventeenth century, at Trojir, or Tragurion, in Dalmatia; d. at Rome, 11 January, 1679.
  
• - In classical Greek originally meant "the state of a hired servant" (Aesch., "Prom.", 966), and so service generally. It is used especially for Divine service (Plato, "Apol.", 23 B). In Christian literature it came to have a t
  
• - Founder of the Christian Brothers.
  
• - Confessor of Emperor Ferdinand II, b. 29 December, 1570, at Dochamps, Luxemburg; d. at Vienna, 22 February, 1648.
  
• - All the books, published by the authority of any church, that contain the text and directions for her official (liturgical) services.
  
• - French Jesuit, b. at Châlons-sur-Marne, 1588; d. at Bourges, 5 April, 1635.
  
• - The would-be Kuchin of some ethnologists, and the Tukudh of the Protestant missionaries; Richardson called them Quarrellers.
  
• - Humanist and divine, b. at the village of Everswinkel, near Munster, Westphalia, 1438 or 1439; d. at Munster, 25 Dec., 1519.
  
• - A titular see of Thrace, not mentioned by any ancient historian or geographer.
  
• - Founder of the Congregation of the Immaculate Heart of Mary, which was afterwards merged in the Congregation of the Holy Ghost.
  
• - A lake in Kinross-shire, Scotland, an island of which, known as St. Serf's Island (eighty acres in extent), was the seat of a religious community for seven hundred years.
  
• - Italian painter. (1458-1515)
  
• - Includes information about immigration, religion, schools, and periodicals.
  
• - One of the Confederate States of the German Empire.
  
• - The word Logos is the term by which Christian theology in the Greek language designates the Word of God, or Second Person of the Blessed Trinity.
  
• - Professor of philosophy and speculative theology. Born 13 March, 1619, at Neuötting in the Diocese of Salzburg; died 26 (probably) May, 1697.
  
• - Very little is known of him. No certainty either as to when he was elected or as to exactly how long he reigned.
  
• - This article treats of the penal legislation affecting Catholics in English-speaking countries since the Reformation.
  
• - The military order of St. Lazarus of Jerusalem originated in a leper hospital founded in the twelfth century by the crusaders of the Latin Kingdom.
  
• - A titular see of Pamphylia Prima, known by its coins and the mention made of it by Dionysius, Perieg. 858, Ptolemy, V, 5, S, and Hierocles.
  
• - St. Leontius of Fréjus, bishop, d. 488. On good terms with Honoratus, who founded the famous monastery of Lérins, and with John Cassian and Pope St. Leo I.
  
• - King of Hungary, born 1040; died at Neutra, 29 July, 1095; one of Hungary's national Christian heroes.
  
• - Diocese erected in 1868; included that part of the State of Wisconsin, U.S.A., lying north and west of the Wisconsin River.
  
• - Loci theologici or loci communes, are the common topics of discussion in theology.
  
• - An Italian archeologist, b. at Mont Olmo, near Macerata, in 1732; d. at Florence in 1810.
  
• - Jesuit missionary, b. at Paris, 10 October, 1610, d. in the Huron country, 17 March 1649.
  
• - Priest and journalist. (1835-1910)
  
• - French poet and critic, b. at Montbrison in 1812; d. at Lyons in 1883.
  
• - English priest and historian b. at Winchester, 5 February, 1771; d. at Hornby, 17 July, 1851.
  
• - The object of textual criticism is to restore as nearly as possible the original text of a work the autograph of which has been lost.
  
• - First bishop of Canada, b. at Montigny-sur-Avre, 30 April, 1623, of Hughes de Laval and Michelle de Péricard; d. at Quebec on 6 May, 1708.
  
• - Lanciano is a small city in the province of Chieti, in the Abruzzi, Central Italy, between the Pescara and the Trigni, with a majestic view of Mount Maiella.
  
• - A titular see in the Province of Lycaonia, suffragan of Iconium.
  
• - One of the most renowned monasteries of the old Franco-German Empire, is situated about ten miles east of Worms in the Grand Duch of Hesse, Germany.
  
• - (1049-54), b. at Egisheim, near Colmar, on the borders of Alsace, 21 June, 1002; d. 19 April, 1054.
  
• - Carmelite writer, b. at Châlons-sur-Marne (according to some at Chalon-sur-Saône), 20 Aug., 1608; d. at Paris 10 March, 1670.
  
• - Next to Heidelberg, the oldest university in the German Empire.
  
• - Bishop and historian, b. at the beginning of the tenth century; d. after 970.
  
• - Established on 6 August, 1902.
  
• - Situated in the Department of Haute-Saône in Franche-Comté, in the Diocese of Besançon.
  
• - Diocese in Canada, established 21 February, 1855; see transferred to Sandwich, 2 February, 1859, transferred back to London, 3 October, 1869.
  
• - The principal one of more than twenty small Salishan tribes originally holding the lower shores, islands, and eastern hinterland of Puget Sound, Washington; by the Treaty of Point Elliott (1855), gathered upon five reservations within the same territory u
  
• - The Latin language was not at first the literary and official organ of the Christian Church in the West. The Gospel was announced by preachers whose language was Greek, and these continued to use Greek, if not in their discourses, at least in their most i
  
• - Used in churches to protect the altar candles and lamp, if the latter for any reason, such as a draught, cannot be kept lit.
  
• - A noted Greek scholar, born about 1445; died at Rome in 1535.
  
• - An Austrian bishopric in the southern part of Styria, suffragan of Salzburg.
  
• - Since a labour union is a society, its moral aspects are determined by its constitution, its end, its results, and the means employed in pursuit of the end.
  
• - Composer; born at Exeter, in 1629; died August, 1677.
  
• - French geologist, b. at Bourges, 30 Dec., 1839; d. at Paris, 12 May, 1908.
  
• - Milanese painter, b. between 1470 and 1480; d. after 1530.
  
• - Educator and organizer, b. at Bergen-op-Zoom, Holland, 14 Nov., 1813; d. at Cincinnati, Ohio, 3 Dec., 1886.
  
• - A Cistercian Abbey south of St. Polten, Lower Austria, founded in 1202 by Leopold the Glorious, Margrave of Austria, the first monks being supplied from the monastery of Heiligen Kreus near Vienna.
  
• - This expression signifies etymologically a duty accomplished for God; in virtue of a Divine precept it means, in ecclesiastical language, certain prayers to be recited at fixed hours of the day or night by priests, religious, or clerics, and, in general,
  
• - Suffragan of Michoacan in Mexico, erected in 1863.
  
• - An astronomer and director of the observatory at Paris, born at Saint Lô, the ancient Briodurum later called Saint-Laudifanum, in north-western France, 11 May, 1811; died at Paris, 25 September, 1877.
  
• - Jesuit missionary and philologist, of the Abnaki mission in Canada; born (according to notes given by Thwaites, apparently from official sources) near Coutances, Normandy, 22 July, 1685 or 1686, though Maurault gives his birthplace as Lunel, in Languedoc;
  
• - Reigned 913-914.
  
• - A well-known French preacher and ascetical writer of Jansenistic tendencies, born at Rouen, 30 April, 1640; died at Paris, 28 November, 1686.
  
• - French archæologist, b. in Paris, 1 June, 1802; d. at Athens, 24 November, 1859.
  
• - French-Canadian historian, born Chateau-Richer, Province of Quebec, 1826; died at Quebec, 1873.
  
• - The traditional title of the most ancient section of the catacomb of St. Callistus.
  
• - A French philosopher, biblical and patristic scholar; b. at Etaples in Picardy, about 1455; d. at Nérac, 1536.
  
• - Greek scholar from Constantinople; born 1434; died at Messina in 1501.
  
• - Benedictine bibliographer. (1698-1758)
  
• - A contemporary of Jacques Lemercier and the two Mansarts, and the chief architect of the first decade of Louis XIV's independent reign, born 1612; died at Paris, 10 Oct., 1670.
  
• - Reigned 795-816.
  
• - The Latin in the official textbooks of the Church (the Bible and the Liturgy), as well as in the works of those Christian writers of the West who have undertaken to expound or defend Christian beliefs.
  
• - English martyr, b. 1569; d. at Newcastle-on-Tyne.
  
• - A history of the popes beginning with St. Peter and continued down to the fifteenth century, in the form of biographies.
  
• - Diocese in Switzerland, immediately subject to the Holy See.
  
• - Cardinal and Archbishop of Seville, b. in Talavera, Spain, c. 1479; d. at Madrid, 21 April, 1546.
  
• - Support for a book, reading-desk, or bookstand, a solid and permanent structure upon which the Sacred Books, which were generally large and heavy, were placed when used by the ministers of the altar in liturgical functions.
  
• - English physician and clergyman, founder of the Royal College of Physicians, London, b. at Canterbury about 1460; d. in London, 20 October, 1524.
  
• - Publications or announcements of the organs of ecclesiastical authority, e.g. the synods, more particularly, however, of popes and bishops, addressed to the faithful in the form of letters.
  
• - German poet of the twelfth century, of whom practically nothing personal is known but his name and the fact that he was a cleric.
  
• - Reigned 1513-1521.
  
• - The term laity signifies the aggregation of those Christians who do not form part of the clergy. Consequently the word lay does not strictly connote any idea of hostility towards the clergy or the Church much less towards religion. Laicization, therefore,
  
• - Archbishop of Canterbury. (d. 619)
  
• - French priest, brother of Félicité Robert de Lamennais, b. at St-Malo in 1780; d. at Ploërmel, Brittany, in 1860.
  
• - Canonized by Clement X in 1671. Feast is observed on 10 October.
  
• - Reigned 847-55.
  
• - This article does not deal with confession by laymen but with that made to laymen, for the purpose of obtaining the remission of sins by God.
  
• - French historian and theologian, b. at Boulogne-sur-Mer, department of Pas-de-Calais, 8 Oct., 1661; d. at Paris, 12 March, 1733.
  
• - Missionary in the United States, b. at Rhena, Mecklenburg, 27 July, 1796; d. at Carrolltown, Pennsylvania, 29 November, 1882.
  
• - The Acts of the first session of this synod were read at the Council of Chalcedon, 451, and have thus been preserved. The remainder of the Acts are known only through a Syriac translation by a Monophysite monk, published from the British Museum MS. Addit.
  
• - A Benedictine monastery near Avesnes, in the Diocese of Cambrai, France (Nord), founded about the middle of eighth century and dedicated to St. Lambert.
  
• - Capital of Peru.
  
• - Ancient Catholic diocese in the Län of Malmöhus.
  
• - Reigned about A.D. 64 or 67 to 76 or 79.
  
• - A pietist sect of the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries founded by Jean de Labadie, who was born at Bourg, near Bordeaux, 13 February, 1610, and died at Altonia, 13 February, 1674.
  
• - An Italian Oratorian and ecclesiastical historian, born about 1678, at Faenza near Ravenna; died 25 April, 1738, at Rome.
  
• - Spanish Jesuit and Cardinal, one of the most eminent theologians of modern times, b. at Madrid, November, 1583, though he used to call himself "Hispalensis", because his family seat was at Seville; d. at Rome, 20 August, 1660.
  
• - Byzantine historian; b. at Kaloe, at the foot of Mount Tmolos, in Ionia, about the year 950; the year of his death is unknown.
  
• - French bishop, b. at Plouévez-Parzay (Finistère), 1740; d. at Villevieux (Jura), 1813.
  
• - The way in which land has been held or owned during the nineteen hundred years which have seen in Europe the rise and establishment of the Church is a matter for historical inquiry. Strictly speaking, the way in which such ownership or tenure was not only
  
• - A French bibliographer, b. at Paris, 19 April, 1665 d. there, 13 Aug., 1721.
  
• - Known in Germany as the lunula and also as the melchisedech, is a crescent-shaped clip made of gold or of silver-gilt which is used for holding the Host in an upright position when exposed in the monstrance.
  
• - Historian, b. at Galway, Ireland, 1599; d. in France, 1673; was the son of Alexander Lynch, who kept a classical school at Galway.
  
• - French-Canadian bishop, b. 4 Sept., 1818, at Ste-Anne de la Perade, Province of Quebec; d. 14 July, 1898.
  
• - Archbishop of Canterbury, b. at Pavia c.1005; d. at Canterbury, 24 May, 1089.
  
• - Born at Pontoise, about 1585; died at Paris, 1654. Lemercier shares with Mansart and Le Muet the glory of representing French architecture most brilliantly under Louis XIII and Richelieu.
  
• - Second general of the Society of Jesus, theologian, b. in 1512, at Almazan, Castille, in 1512; d. at Rome, 19 January, 1565.
  
• - This article deals only with the relations of the classical literature, chiefly Latin, to the Catholic Church.
  
• - Born at Camberg in the Duchy of Nassau, 16 Nov., 1838; died 31 March, 1902.
  
• - Reigned 1605.
  
• - Born at Poligny in 1592; died at Limoges, 19 Aug., 1672; member of the Oratory of Jesus, founded by de Berulle in 1611.
  
• - Diocese in France.
  
• - Labour is work done by mind or body either partly or wholly for the purpose of producing utilities.
  
• - The small remnant of the old duchy of this name and since 11 May, 1867, an independent neutral grand duchy, comprising 998 sq. miles of territory, lying principally between 49° 27' and 50° 12' N. lat., and 5° 45' and 6° 32' E. long.
  
• - Titular see of Palestina Secunda.
  
• - A member of Parliament and journalist, b. in Westminster, 30 March, 1812, d. at Staines, Middlesex, 22 Oct., 1855.
  
• - The city of La Plata, capital of the Argentine Province of Buenos Aires, is situated on the right bank of the Rio de la Plata, about 35 miles south-east of the city of Buenos Aires.
  
• - A complicated arrangement of paths and passages; or a place, usually subterraneous, full of windings, corridors, rooms, etc., so intricately arranged as to render the getting out of it a very difficult matter.
  
• - Politician and publicist, b. at the castle of Blankenheim in the Eifel, 1 Oct., 1790, d. at Kamberg, in Hesse-Nassau, 29 Dec., 1860.
  
• - Diocese; suffragan of Otranto.
  
• - Archbishop of Prague, b. at Eger, Bohemia, 1549; d. 2 Nov., 1622.
  
• - Includes history, religious information, and statistics.