Multiparadigm Languages Programming

Multiparadigm (or multi-paradigm) languages are combination programming languages, mergers, that support, strongly, two or more programming paradigms, models, forms of program representation, within one language. Examples: procedural+functional or procedural+functional+objects or procedural+functional+logic+objects, etc.On this page, languages are arranged in three groups and levels: 1) Top group: issues spanning multiple unrelated languages. 2) Middle group: types or classes of languages. 3) Bottom group: specific languages, with their own directory category.

• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Visual
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Language-OS Hybrids
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Declarative
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Logic-based
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Interface
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Object-Oriented/Class-based
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Specification
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Constraint
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Procedural
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Functional
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Object-Oriented/Prototype-based
• Top/Computers/Programming/Languages/Dataflow

• Lucid - Functional dataflow language, invented by Bill Wadge, Ed Ashcroft. Variables and expressions denote streams-sequences of data items. Input and output are streams, so a program is a Unix-style filter. Was basis for French real-time/reactive languages Lustr
  
• Needle - Pure object-oriented, functional language, statically typed, garbage collected; mixes ideas from Dylan, Lisp, Scheme; ML; Cecil, Smalltalk; description, slide show, downloads, links. [Open Source, MIT]
  
• XLR: Extensible Language and Runtime - XL is designed to implement the ideas of Concept Programming. It can apply to many domains and problem spaces, not only a small subset of the problems users must solve.
  
• Kx Systems, Inc. - Makes K, advanced vector oriented, functional language, one of the fastest application development environments (according to Bell Laboratories Benchmarking), and allows very fast processing of large datasets.
  
• Scala - General purpose language; multiparadigm (object-oriented, functional, concurrent elements); statically typed, type-safe; focus: Web services. Successor of Funnel. Interoperates with Java VM or .NET, XML aware. [Open source, BSD-like license]
  
• Multiparadigm Programming Language - Brief description, language list sorted by count and supported paradigms. [Wikipedia]
  
• Concepts and Architecture of Vista: A Multiparadigm Programming Environment - Visual multiparadigm programming: visual + object-oriented (signal flow + data flow); from Proceedings of 10th IEEE/CS Symposium on Visual Languages, St. Louis, USA, 4-7 October 1994. Downloads: HTML, PS.
  
• UFO: United Functions and Objects: Draft Language Description - Download of UMCS-92-4-3.
  
• Nial Systems Ltd. - NIAL, Nested Interactive Array Language, mixes aspects of functional array and procedural languages. Rich primitives set makes it easy, fast to code loop-free data-driven algorithms. Also Q'Nial IDE, and Nial Data Engine embeddable interpreter. [Open Sour
  
• Multiparadigm Programming Group - At Leibniz Laboratory, Grenoble, France; research topics, news, publications, members. In English and Français.
  
• Heron - Home site. Has brief description, specification, tutorial, related articles, download.
  
• ELAN - Created 1974 by Technical University of Berlin group, as alternative to BASIC in teaching, for systematic programming, and related styles: top-down, bottom-up, recursive, modular, syntax-directed. Descriptions, brief resource list, documents. English, Deu
  
• Heron: Introducing The Heron Programming Language - Forum with many comments. [Slashdot]
  
• Piccola: A Small Composition Language - PI based COmposition LAnguage: research language to explore the paradigm: Application = Components + Scripts. From the University of Berne.
  
• An Object Model for Multiparadigm Programming - Presented at OOPSLA 1994.
  
• X Language: xlang - The eXtensible Language: easy to use, multi-syntax, portable set of APIs to create CLI and GUI applications for Unix/X11 and Win32; will ease making big applications, has interpreter/compiler/debugger. [Open Source, GPL]
  
• Heron-Centric: Ruminations of a Language Designer - Weblog on language design issues, software development techniques, news, on Heron language, and similar languages like Java, C++.
  
• Lfyre - General purpose, compiled; high performance, expressiveness, flexibility. Many features found in other languages, and extra features: creating new operators, keywords, programming paradigms. News, download. [SourceForge]
  
• ResearchIndex: From Competition to Amalgamation of Different Programming Paradigms - Describes basic elements (data, actions, tunings, voids, mixtures, ...) and principles of programming (stratification, implicit knowledge, limited freedom, ...), directed to amalgamating different programming paradigms (imperative, object-oriented, functi
  
• Lightweight Languages as Software Engineering Tools - Usenix Paper discussing multiparadigm programming as part of a larger topic.
  
  

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