Lichens Fungi Flora and Fauna

Lichens are fungi which form a symbiotic partnership with either green algae (Chlorophycophyta) or blue-green algae (Cyanobacteria). Most of the lichenised fungi are from the phylum Ascomycota but some are from the phylum Basidiomycota.

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• Lichen Determination Keys Available on the Internet - Provides links to keys providing details of the lichens that can be found in many countries throughout the world.
  
• Lichenland - Offers ways to find out more about lichens including Lichenlite, an introduction for children. For more advanced study there is a synoptic key and an identification aid.
  
• Sea Ivory: Ramalina siliquosa - Photograph and information on this maritime species and a map showing its distribution in Britain.
  
• The World of Lichenology - Information on the International Association of Lichenologists, photographs of various lichens and links to other lichen-related websites.
  
• Cladina: Reindeer Lichens - Information and photographs of Cladina mitis, C. rangiferina and C. stellaris, their description, habitat and other notes.
  
• Lichen Images - Provides photographs of about 50 species.
  
• A Lichen in Close-up - Images of a lichen at three different magnifications, the most detailed showing the algal and fungal components.
  
• Lichen Pictures - Photographs of Acolium hawaiiense, Acroscyphus sphaerophoroides, Anaptychia leucomelos, Bacidia medialis, Bryoria furcellata, B. smithii, Buellia aeruginascens, B. proximata, B. pruinosa, B. tincta, Caloplaca erythrantha and Teloschistes flavicans.
  
• Identifying North American Lichens: A Guide to the Literature - Provides general lichen references including works for beginners, lichen keys online, and a lichen bibliography by genus.
  
• Lichens - Photographs of several species of lichen growing in their natural habitat in Hawaii.
  
• Cladonia cristatella - Article by Tom Volk on the British soldier lichen, where the fungal element is associated with the green alga, Trebouxia erici.
  
• Introduction to Lichens - A lichen is a combination of two organisms which live together intimately. Information on their fossil record, life history and ecology, systematics and morphology.
  
• Life on the Rocks - A peep into the world of lichens by Paul James with photographs of a number of species growing in Wales.
  
• Cladonia rangifera - Article by Tom Volk on this lichen, often known as Reindeer Moss, and on lichens in general.
  
• FIA Lichen Indicator - The Forest Inventory and Analysis service in the United States monitors the lichen community in order to assess the impact of air pollution on forest health.
  
• Cetraria islandica - Photograph and information on this lichen which has been used as a food in time of famine.
  
• LIAS - Provides a global information system for lichenized and non-lichenized ascomycetes.
  
• Lichens of North America - Details of the book of this name, and an interesting introduction to the biology of lichens and their relationships with man and the environment.
  
• Verrucaria mucosa - Photograph and information on this maritime species and a map showing its distribution in Britain.
  
• The Earthlife Web Lichen Image Directory - About 40 images of lichens, including some unidentified ones.
  
• Walton Hall Nature Trail - Take a walk through the churchyard to see what lichens grow on the different man-made outcrops of stone.
  
• Black Shields: Tephromela atra - Photograph and information on this species with a map showing its distribution in Britain.
  
• Black Lichen: Lichina pygmaea - Photograph and information on this maritime species and a map showing its distribution in Britain.
  
• Niebla and Vermilacinia Communities - Photographs and information on the lichens in the Ramalinaceae family found in California and Baja California.
  
• Common Orange Lichen: Xanthoria parietina - Photograph and information on this species and a map showing its distribution round the coasts of Britain.
  
• Parelle: Ochrolechia parella - Photograph and information on this maritime species with a map showing its distribution in Britain.
  
• Caloplaca coralloides - Research project by Megan Kelso provides photographs and plenty of information on this lichen which can be found living on rocks close to the sea.
  
• Lichens as Bioindicators of Air Pollution - Technical article discussing how lichens play prominent roles in air pollution studies because of their sensitivity to different gaseous pollutants, particularly sulfur dioxide.
  
• Reproduction and Reproductive Structures - Outline with diagrams of the two fundamentally different sorts of reproductive bodies possessed by lichens, and the three main types of vegetative reproduction where pieces of lichen detach.
  
• Cetraria islandica: Iceland Moss - Information on the edible, medicinal and other uses of this lichen from the Plants for a Future database.
  
• MarLIN Image Gallery - Photographs of a number of species of lichen often found growing close to the sea.
  
• Peltigera aphthosa - Photograph and description of the freckle pelt or spotted dog lichen, its habitat and other notes.
  
• Lichens: Dual Organisms - Twenty four photographs ranging from lichen covered rock faces, through individual species to magnified sections, published in a pictorial supplement to the Fifth Kingdom.
  
• Plants Profile for Fayodia striatula - Details of this lichenous member of the family Tricholomataceae.
  
• Letharia vulpina - Photograph of Wolf Lichen which in the past was put to many uses by the indigenous peoples in North America.
  
• Tar Lichen: Verrucaria maura - Photograph and information on this maritime species with a map showing its distribution round the coasts of Britain.
  
• Orange Sea Lichen: Caloplaca marina - Photograph and information on this maritime species with a map showing its distribution in Britain.
  
• Lichen Portrait Gallery - Photographs of over eighty species of lichen from North America.
  
• Cryptothecia rubrocincta, the Christmas Lichen - Photographs and article by Tom Volk on this spectacular lichen which can be found in the tropical regions of the Americas.
  
• Cladonia: Club Lichens and Cup Lichens - Photographs and information on these lichens, their description, habitat and other notes.
  
• Ramalina fastigiata with Xanthoria parietina - Photograph of these two lichens growing together on a branch.
  
• Catalog of California Lichens - 1575 species have been identified from this state, the great geographic diversity being responsible for the relatively large number of lichens found.
  
• Growth and Development in Lichens - Each species of lichen has its own preferred substrate. This article describes how and where they grow and the extremes of climate that they can tolerate.
  
• Checklist of UK Recorded Lichens - Provides a list of all the species known to be found in the United Kingdom.
  
  

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